Understanding the MBA Degree

The MBA (Master of Business Administration) is a postgraduate degree awarded to students who have mastered the study of business and are looking to further their career options and perhaps earn a higher salary. This degree option is available to students who have already earned a bachelors degree. In some cases, students who earn a masters degree return to school to earn an MBA. Students of MBA programs study the theory and application of business and management principles. This type of study equips students with knowledge that can be applied to a variety of real-world business industries and situations.​ Types of MBA Degrees MBA degrees are often split into different categories: Full- and part-time programs. As the names suggest, one requires full-time study and the other only part-time. Part-time MBA programs are sometimes known as evening or weekend MBA programs because classes are typically held on weekday evenings or weekends. Programs like this allow students to continue working while they earn their degree. These programs are ideal for students who are receiving tuition reimbursement from an employer.   There are also different types of MBA degrees: The traditional two-year MBA program.An accelerated MBA program, which takes just one year to complete.An executive MBA program, which is designed for current business executives.   Reasons to Get an MBA The main reason to get an MBA degree is to increase your salary potential and advance your career. Because graduates who hold an MBA degree are eligible for jobs that would not be offered to those who hold only a college degree or high school diploma, an MBA is almost a necessity in today’s business world. According to U.S. News Best Business School Rankings, the total annual compensation of MBA graduates of the top 10 business schools in 2019 ranged from $58,390 to $161,566. In most cases, an MBA is required for executive and senior management positions. Some companies will not even consider applicants unless they have an MBA. Before deciding on a program, make sure it fits your career goals and schedule. What You Can Do It Many MBA programs offer education in general management along with a more specialized curriculum. Because this type of education is relevant to all industries and sectors, it will be valuable regardless of the career chosen after graduation. MBA Concentrations Different disciplines can be pursued and combined with an MBA degree. The options shown below are some of the most common MBA concentrations/degrees: AccountingBusiness ManagementE-Business/E-CommerceEconomicsEntrepreneurshipFinanceGlobal ManagementHuman Resources ManagementInformation SystemsMarketingOperations ManagementStrategic/Risk ManagementTechnology Management Best Content? Much like a law school or medical school education, the academic content of a business school education does not vary much between programs. Generally, MBA graduates learn to analyze big issues and develop solutions while motivating those who work for them. Though the information you learn at any school will be essentially the same, experts will tell you that the value of your MBA degree is often directly related to the prestige of the school that grants it. MBA Rankings Every year MBA schools receive rankings from various organizations and publications. These rankings are determined by a variety of factors and can be useful when choosing a business school or MBA program. Here are some of the top-ranked business schools for MBA students: Best U.S. Business Schools: A ranking of the best business schools in the United States.Best Canadian Business Schools: A list of the business schools in Canada.Best Part-Time MBA Programs: A ranking of the best part-time MBA degree programs. MBA Degree Cost Getting an MBA degree is expensive. In some cases, the cost of an MBA degree is four times as much as the average yearly salary earned by recent MBA graduates. Tuition costs vary depending on the school and the program you choose. Financial aid is available to MBA students.   The annual cost of a full-time traditional program was $50,000 in 2019, with some schools reporting $70,000, according to U.S. News Best Business School Rankings. Those numbers, however, did not include financial aid. There are many options for potential MBA candidates, but before making a decision, evaluate each one before settling on the MBA degree program that’s right for you.

Research Analysis on A Modest Proposal by Heather Mallick

The Niqab and debates around Niqab in Canada Research Essay on A Modest Proposal Vivek Dhanju Centennial College The protection of religious freedom gained attention for quite some time now, and the face veil, more precisely referred to as the niqab has been a hot topic. Many scholars and authors have given their point of view about the issue from time and time again. Heather Mallick in her essay A Modest Proposal discussed the ill-effects of wearing niqab, but does her essay addresses the topic effectively? I believe it does not. During my research on this essay, I came across few other accounts regarding same concern and I have found Gilmour s Niqab debate: What should Canada do? and Freedom of Religion and Accommodating†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, although Gilmour has the same point of view as Mallick regarding banning niqab but her choice of words seems more professional and apt and relates better to the thesis. Moreover, she also took into

Impact of Ethics and Sustainability on Business

Question: Describe about the Impact of Ethics and Sustainability on Business. Answer: Introduction It is observed that business ethics refers to the taking the right course. It is evident that while developing or expanding a business, the organization needs to focus on the ethical factors that could influence the business. This may include organizations production, business procedures and organizational behavior with the communities and the customers. It is also observed that sustainability could be about meeting the challenge of ensuring that future generation could enjoy the same quality or developed quality of the life style. Therefore, it can be mentioned that sustainability usually includes a long-term perspective on balancing the economic, social as well as the environmental impact of the business. The current report focuses impact of the business decisions on the stakeholders in terms of the sustainability and ethics. The report also provides the discussion on the major issues involved in the practice as well as decisions. Outlining the impact of the business decisions or practices on the stakeholders As put forward by Flora, Bonitz and Ribeiro (2013), the corporate social responsibility describe the way that business consider the finance, social as well as the environmental impact of the decisions and actions. This could be a significant issue in the current market since the mangers, leaders and the employees started to acknowledge the role that economic activities have in terms of environmental and social well-being. Furthermore, it has been identified that to increase the brand value and popularity, the brand takes help of CSR activities. As put forward by Moorthy and Jeyabalan (2012), a sustainable business profile could be more preferable and embraced by the customers. On the contrary, MacVaugh and Norton (2012) modern organizations have adopted the idea of social responsibility within their community. This happens when the organizations sense ethical responsibility for the interest and welfare of the society or the community. For example, the organization like Life Drugs imp lemented this philosophy to bring the positive change to their stakeholders live. The company takes the imitative of cleaning the environment, managing charitable donations and participating in the community events. This could result in community benefits. This means that the company gains a sense of community loyalty, which increases their brand value. Therefore, it can be mentioned that implementation of the sustainability in business is an effective idea to achieve sustainable growth in the business. On the contrary, I have also observed that products decisions could largely influence the stakeholders and may provide significant benefits to the customers and benefits. The investors usually want good quality of products that could return expected amount of profits. Hence, the customers are largely concerned with the quality of the products and pricing and other value added services. This, I could explain with an example; if the company Life Drug had to go through a large class-action suit, as their best hard drug is proved to affecting the patients. It was further found that organization neglected the early lab tests warning that created such as potential effect. Hence, this inadequate decision to sell the product in the market led to negative impact to investors because the stock price went down. Identifying the major issues involved in the practice and decision It has been identified that due to the increased emphasis on the business ethics over the last three decades. Consequently, the business is going through the troubles due to the lack of proper direction as well as issues like logic and reasons. The major issues that business deals with are professional ethics and employee right issues that can be further divided into different categories. On the contrary, the business faces some functional issues. In addition to this, the organizations in the current era also deal with the issues such as suppler and customer relations. The workers and the employees should consider the ethical issues that are involved with their relationships between suppliers as well as the customers. In this context, Ferrell and Fraedrich (2015) commented that business owners need to considers whether it is ethical to do business with the suppliers who tend to maintain unethical practices. In addition, at the time of dealing with the customers and business people mu st ensure that they could utilize their information appropriately. For example, the organization should not show any false content in the advertisement while promoting the products. Akrivou and Bradbury-Huang (201) focuses on the copyright and the patent issues. As stated by Schaltegger, Ldeke-Freund and Hansen (2012), cutting down the edge organizations in the tech industry could sometimes face aggressive patent litigations. The organizations could sit on the parent for years and they hope that another firm inadvertently violets them, to receive easy money through patent as well as copyright lawsuit. Apart from the functional issues, the organizations have to deal with some legal issues filed by government of the country. For example, in the recent time Coca Cola in Indian market would pump a huge amount of fresh water from the underground water table. This practice has led to groundwater levels in the area of dropping to critical. This incident instigated the local residents especially who are farmers. Agriculture sector suffer from the crises of water. Therefore, when the organization gets into the legal trouble, they might lose their market share (Biedenweg, Monroe and Oxarart 2013). Identifying any legislations which prohibits/supports the practices While running the business in both domestic as well as the global environment, the organizations would have to implement certain regulations imposed by the trading council or the government the country. For example, a]n increase in the corporation tax has a particular effect as in increase in the cost. It is observed that the business could pass some of this tax on to the customers in higher price; nevertheless, it could affect the bottom line. On the contrary, it is observed that anti-trust and competition laws have certain effect on the organizations. Hence, the organizations require the employees to comply with the anti-trust as well as competition laws of the countries where the organizations run the business. However, the significant legislation faced by the companies in the current era of business is the taxation (Beckmann, Hielscher and Pies 2014). Conversely, I have found a real example, the country legislation have less influence on the business. For instance, David Cameron told Federation of Small Business conference that almost 300 rules are affecting the business need to be amended (Gov.uk 2016). The declaration makes it clear that country is going impose new regulations on the business, which could bring profit to the organization or put pressure on them. Providing the recommendation The organizations need to implement certain policies and procedures that are related to business practices and ethics. Firstly, the all units involved in the organization or the business should implement the ethics are effective for the organizations and stakeholders. Practice through benchmarking- When it comes to applying the best practices, the firms could do it through benchmarking, which could allow the business to compare with other successful buinsss.ths also help to highlight the areas that need improvement. Likewise, some other business pracfices could help the business to increase the growth and sustain the business. The business practices include forecasting, financial planning, strategic planning and performance monitoring. Summary On the completion of the report, it can be added that ethics are a set of moral standards that organizations could rely on reaching conclusion and implementing the decisions. In a competitive business environment, the ethics could be a key factor in responsible business decision making. The discussion helps to learn that by maintaining high ethical standards, the business could provide benefits to external as well as the internal stakeholders of the business. Conversely, environmental sustainability in the business field includes the practice of making decisions that are in the favor of protecting natural world. Reference list: Akrivou, K. and Bradbury-Huang, H., 2015. Educating integrated catalysts: Transforming business schools toward ethics and sustainability.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(2), pp.222-240. Beckmann, M., Hielscher, S. and Pies, I., 2014. Commitment Strategies for Sustainability: How Business Firms Can Transform Trade?Offs Into WinWin Outcomes.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(1), pp.18-37. Biedenweg, K., Monroe, M.C. and Oxarart, A., 2013. The importance of teaching ethics of sustainability.International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,14(1), pp.6-14. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Flora, G., Bonitz, J. and Ribeiro, K., 2013. Ethics Sustainability. Gov.uk. (2016).Government welcomes business-led plan to cut EU red tape - Press releases - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-welcomes-business-led-plan-to-cut-eu-red-tape [Accessed 27 Nov. 2016]. MacVaugh, J. and Norton, M., 2012. Introducing sustainability into business education contexts using active learning.International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,13(1), pp.72-87. Moorthy, R. and Jeyabalan, G., 2012. Ethics and sustainability: a review of water policy and management. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F. and Hansen, E.G., 2012. Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability.International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,6(2), pp.95-119.

Prepare a Report Essay Example

Prepare a Report Essay How to Write a Project Report 1. Why is the report important? If you wish to secure a good mark for your project, it is absolutely essential that you write a good report. It is the report which is marked, not the program or anything else you might have constructed during the project period. No matter how significant your achievements, if you do not write up your work, and write it up well, you will obtain a poor mark. It is essential to understand that the report will be read and marked by a number of examiners (normally 2 4), only one of whom your supervisor will have any familiarity with the work which the report describes. Examiners are not mind-readers, and cannot give credit for work which you have done but not included in the report. 2. What are the examiners looking for? Each project report is marked initially by two examiners, one of whom is the supervisor. Each examiner fills in an online  mark form, giving marks for various aspects of the report and an overall mark. Studying the mark sheet will give you a good idea of what aspects of the report are important. The notes to examiners which accompany the mark sheet use the terms perfect, quite good, abysmal and so on to describe the attributes of a particular numerical mark (e. . 5 is satisfactory). There is a separate document which goes into great detail about what precisely satisfactory means in particular contexts, but Im not sure that these definitions are widely used: most examiners believe that they have an accurate and objective understanding of what is satisfactory. Note that supervisors might specify on the mark sheet that a particular aspect of the project is to be assessed for example, a review of the project area even if that area is not covered in the project report. We will write a custom essay sample on Prepare a Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Prepare a Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Prepare a Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Decisions on what is to be assessed are the supervisors responsibility, but you should be aware of the standard headings, think carefully about what you present (or do not present) under each, and discuss and agree it with your supervisor. Remember that your report is an academic dissertation, not a popular article or commercial proposal. For example, rather than describing only a series of events and a final product, try to establish criteria, present arguments, derive principles, pose and answer questions, measure success, analyse alternatives nd so on. Where a project has been undertaken with industrial support, the significance of that support for the project, and the relevance of the project to the supporting industry, should be discussed. 3. The mechanics of writing The problem you have to solve is this: to transfer your own experiences of doing the project, and the knowledge you have gained, from your brain onto paper in a coherent, logical and correct form. There are several ways of achieving this. Different authors have different techniques. My own method, which I think is quite common among technical authors, is to write as quickly as I can, without regard for coherency, structure or order, until I have written down (or rather, typed in) all the points I can think of. If my brain is running faster than my fingers and a thought pops into my head which belongs in another part of the document, I skip to the end of the page and insert a few words there to remind me to expand that point later, then resume where I was. The aim is to transfer as much relevant material from brain to paper as quickly as possible. This method has been called the brain dump. It is practised, I think, by some writers of fiction as well as by technical authors. After three hours of brain dumping I might have four or five pages of disorganized text. I then spend perhaps six hours putting the text into order and tightening up the prose, after which I might have three pages of good-quality prose. This method of writing is an iterative process, with periods of brain dumping alternating with periods of tidying-up. At the rate of three pages of polished text every nine hours, a typical 60-page PR3 project report will take you about four weeks to complete, working full-time. You must allow time to prepare the appendices (e. g. program listings) and illustrations. Good-quality illustrations, in particular, take a long time to prepare. You should therefore allow at least  six weeks  to write the report. If you kept a note-book during the project period, you will find the writing-up process much easier. 4. How to write well Many students appear not to realize how difficult it is to write well. Any type of writing (except perhaps advertising copy) is difficult, but technical writing is particularly hard. There are many books which address the subject of good technical writing. By far the best among those which I have seen is  Scientists Must Write  by Robert Barrass (1982). Though published over twenty years ago, this superb little book is still in print. There are several copies in the J. B. Morrell library, but since it costs only ? 11. 19 (from the  Internet Bookshop), you would be well advised to buy a copy and to read it from cover to cover. 4. 1. Precision You must strive first to be absolutely precise. When you write, it is not sufficient that  you  know what you mean; neither is it sufficient that your writing admits of the meaning which you intend: it must admit of no other meaning. What you write must not be capable of misinterpretation. Take exceptional care to choose the right word for the occasion. Do not, for example, write optimum if you mean good. Approximate means close, so very approximate means very close which is not what many people seem to think it means. 4. 2. Vigour Precision in writing is mainly a matter of taking sufficient care. Good writing is not only precise, however, it is  vigorous, and that is much harder to achieve. It helps if you have read widely, especially novels. Here are some hints which might help you to write forcefully and vigorously. Prefer short sentences to long sentences. Prefer short words to long words, provided that the short word has the meaning you need. Terseness is a great virtue in technical writing. (But dont go too far; remember Horaces observation: Brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio. ) Avoid circumlocutions. In almost all sectors of the computing marketplace can be replaced in most contexts by almost everywhere. The question of whether to use the passive voice in technical writing is a thorny one. Most older writers still write a program was written rather than I wrote a program . Many of your examiners might share this preference for, or prejudice in favour of, the passive voice, but this style is passing out of favour in all technical writing, and I advise you not to use it. Whatever you do, do not use the royal we (we wrote a program when you mean I wrote a program). There is general agreement that Latin phrases are best avoided in technical writing (but the occasional Latin quotation might lend a spurious air of erudition! ) Nevertheless, many careful writers have their own favourite Latin phrases which find occasional use. The best rule is that a Latin phrase is acceptable if it abbreviates a circumlocutionary English phrase. Mutatis mutandis, for example, one of my own favourites, is permissible in place of making the appropriate changes, since any English gloss seems to be ugly and unwieldy. I. e. (note the roman font and punctuation) is often useful in place of in other words or that is, and is widely understood. Quite often, however, X, i. e. ,  Y can be replaced by Y, because the writer realized while writing  X  that  Y  said the same, only better. E. g. is overused and best used sparingly; prefer for instance or for example. 4. 3. Spelling and grammar You must take exceptional care to spell correctly. Poor spelling is a distraction to the proficient reader. In most cases there is very little excuse nowadays for spelling errors; there are many excellent spell-checker programs which make a good job of finding the errors for you, and excellent (paper) dictionaries which will tell you wh at the correct spelling is. Be especially careful with words whose common misspelling is a correct spelling of a different word, in particular the following pairs: lead/led; loose/lose; affect/effect. It is dangerous to allow the spell-checker to correct a misspelling by itself; many such hilarious corrections have been reported, for example recently in  New Scientist. Believe the spell-checker. Very many people, for example, on finding that the spell-checker questions idiosyncracy [sic], say to themselves it must be missing from the dictionary file, and leave the word alone. It is for a good reason. If you have a medical condition which makes it difficult for you to spell correctly, make sure that your supervisor knows about it, so that it can be taken into account by the examiners. If poor spelling is a distraction which impedes understanding, poor grammar is more so. There are so many potential grammatical solecisms that it would be inappropriate to attempt to list them here. Read Fowlers  Modern English Usage  for guidance. This book has been revised several times since its first publication in 1926. The most recent (1998) edition is probably the best to use, not because its recommendations are more permissive or up-to-date, but because it draws attention to traps which it would not have occurred to Fowler in 1926 that anyone could fall into. The original 1926 edition is famous for its vigorous, fiery language, which has been successively watered down in later revisions. Take care with apostrophes. Historically, the apostrophe denoted the omission of one or more letters: dont = do not, Johns book = John his book. For this reason, careful writers of British English restrict the possessive use of the apostrophe to animate possessors. You may write Johns book but not the programs function, since (so the argument goes) one cannot write the program his function: you must write the function of the program instead. This rule is being steadily eroded under American influence, and will probably soon be obsolete. I mention the animate possessor rule in order to illustrate and to explain a very common blunder. Never  use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun. Its means it is (the letter thats omitted is an i),  not  it his, which is plain silly. One never sees spurious apostrophes in his, hers, ours, yours, theirs; so why does one so often see its in place of its, which is the correct possessive pronoun? The brain of the experienced reader, on seeing its, performs a lexical-level macro-expansion, replacing its by it is. This then fails to make syntactic sense in the context, necessitating a backtracking and re-parsing operation, and conscious expenditure of effort. It really does slow down, and consequently annoy, the reader. This crass and ignorant blunder probably does more to distract and to impede the reader of students reports than any other grammatical solecism. Summary: its = it is (needed rarely, if at all, in formal writing). Its is the pronoun (This is my program. Its purpose is to .) You almost certainly mean its. Even if you yourself do not place a strong emphasis on good spelling and good grammar, most of your examiners do, some fanatically. Most examiners will be irritated by poor spelling and poor grammar. It is always worth doing whatever you can, short of bribery, to put your examiner in a good mood. Write well and spell well, for this reason if for no other! 4. 4. Typography When I prepared my own final-year project report, I wrote it with pen and ink and handed the manuscript to the departmental secretary who typed it for me on an IBM typewriter. Modern practice is different, and now you yourself are responsible for producing a computer-typeset report. This means that you must be familiar both with the formal requirements set out in the Students Handbook (restricting the number of pages, type size, width of margins, and so on) and with the rudiments of typography. You will not be penalized severely, if at all, if you violate typographical conventions, but good typography creates a subliminal impression akin to that of good proportion in a painting, and is desirable for that reason. Since it is a matter of simply learning and following the rules, you should try to do so. You should learn at least enough (for example) to know the difference between the hyphen, minus, en-dash and em-dash, and when to use each of them. The best and most famous typographical reference book is  Rules for compositors and readers at the University Press, Oxford  by Horace Hart, known colloquially and universally as Harts Rules. It is a small book which you should probably read from cover to cover, but you may skip the section on Russian orthography if your report contains no Russian words. This book, like Fowler, has been revised continually since its first publication (in 1904, though it was in use within the O. U. P. ince 1893). The latest edition is dated 1983. It is still in print, almost a century after its first publication, and at ? 8. 79 (from the  Internet Bookshop), well worth buying. 4. 5. Illustrations Your report should generally contain illustrations (figures or diagrams), but they must be relevant. Ask yourself if the illustration helps the reader to un derstand the text. If the text is readily comprehensible without the illustration, delete the illustration. If it is not, it is usually better to make the text clearer than to add a diagram. All illustrations should be prepared by an appropriate program, such as  pic,  xfig  or  grap. They should not be hand-drawn. The only common exception to this rule is circuit diagrams: given the current state of the art in schematic-entry packages, a hand-drawn circuit diagram is usually preferable to a computer-drawn one. If possible, include figures close to the text which refers to them, rather than all together in an appendix. Circuit diagrams are, again, a possible exception to this rule. It is normal to list tables and figures at the beginning of the report, after the table of contents. 5. Structure Saepe stilum vertas. Horace 5. 1. Top-level structure At the top level, a typical report is organized in the following way. 1. Abstract. (This is a couple of paragraphs no more which summarizes the content of the report. It must be comprehensible to someone who has not read the rest of the report. ) 2. Introduction. (The scope of the project, setting the scene for the remainder of the report. ) 3. Previous work. (One or more review chapters, describing the research you did at the beginning of the project period. ) 4. Several chapters describing what you have done, focusing on the novel aspects of your own work. 5. Further work. (A chapter describing possible ways in which your work could be continued or developed. Be imaginative but realistic. ) 6. Conclusions. (This is similar to the abstract. The difference is that you should assume here that the reader of the conclusions has read the rest of the report. ) 7. References and appendices. 5. 2. References References must be relevant. A typical PR3 project report might contain about one page of pertinent references, if the initial research period was well spent. Do not include references which you have not read, no matter how relevant you think they might be. If you refer to standard material which is covered by a large number of text-books, choose one or two really good ones and cite those, rather than a long list of mediocre texts. There are many styles for citing references. Although strict standards (e. g. British Standards) for citing references exist, my advice is not to bother with them; instead, find a reputable journal in the library and copy its style. Alternatively, copy the example below. Its important to be consistent, complete and unambiguous; beyond that, it doesnt matter much what you do. Example citation style: Citations in text:Mander, in Notes on a system specification method [Mander 1983], gives the following as described by Briggs [1983a] Thimblebys guidelines [Thimbleby 1983] suggest that Different methodologies have been examined [Tully 1983]. Several recent publications in this field [Wand 1980d, ACM 1971] have been very influential. List of references at end of report: References| ACM 1971. | Association for Computing Machinery,  Second symposium on problems in the optimisation of data communication systems, ACM (1971). | Briggs 1983a. | J. S. Briggs, The design of AIR and its use in Ada separate compilation, in  SERC workshop on Ada software tools interfaces, ed. P. J. Wallis, University of Bath (1983). Downes 1982. | V. A. Downes, S. J. Goldsack,  Programming embedded systems with Ada, Prentice-Hall (1982). | Mander 1983. | K. C. Mander,  Notes on a system specification method, York Computer Science report no. 61, University of York (1983). | Thimbleby 1983. | H. W. Thimbleby, Guidelines for `manipulative text editing,  Behaviour and Information Technology,  2, 127 161 (1983). | | If you adopt this style, when you cite a reference, you need not repeat the authors name or authors names (Jones and Sanderson [Jones Sanderson 1999] have shown ). Write instead: Jones and Sanderson [1999] have shown , and list the reference as Jones Sanderson 1999. Alternatively, a system of numbered references, such as the default format produced by the Unix  refer  tool in conjunction with  troff, is acceptable. I myself much prefer numbered citation styles, which I find much less obtrusive and easier on the eye; e. g. Jones and Sanderson? have shown or Jones and Sanderson [1] have shown . These forms, which are allowed by the regulations in the Handbook, seem to be the two dominant citation styles in academic journals. You may wish to refer to electronic sources, particularly material found on the World-Wide Web. It is not enough to put found on WWW in place of a citation. The web page Bibliographic Formats for Citing Electronic Information gives advice on citing on-line sources. If possible, avoid citing unpublished literature. It is however acceptable to cite university reports, such as this Departments YCS series, and PhD theses (although getting hold of the latter can be almost impossible). References are always cited in the text. Other works youve made use of but not cited should be listed in a section called Bibliography. Note that et al. requires a period after the abbreviation al. (for alia). It means and others, and may be used only to refer to people, typically in lists of references. It is the animate form of etc. , which also requires a period. 5. 3. Lower-level structure Structure is a recursive concept. A well-structured report has its top-level sections well ordered, and it is easy to get this right; but each section must in itself be well ordered, and that is more difficult. Most paper documents, and many on-line documents, are read linearly from beginning to end. This is certainly true of an examiner reading a project report. Consequently, the writer of a well-structured document avoids forward references wherever possible. Try to avoid writing as we shall see in chapter 10, , especially if the material in chapter 10 is essential to an understanding of the text at the point where the reference occurs. Occasionally such references are unavoidable, but more often than not they are a sign that the text needs to be re-ordered. In the old days, re-ordering text entailed cutting and pasting with real scissors and real paste. Nowadays, the word-processor has made these operations so easy that there is no excuse for slovenly structure. Take your time, and keep rearranging words or phrases within sentences, sentences within paragraphs, paragraphs within sections and sections within the whole report until you have got it right. Aim for a logical progression from beginning to end, with each sentence building on the previous ones. If the chapters are numbered 1, 2, 3, , then the sections within (say) chapter 1 will be numbered 1. 1, 1. 2, . It is permissible to sub-divide a section: the sub-sections within section 1. 1 will be numbered 1. . 1, 1. 1. 2, . Do not however nest sub-sections to more than four levels: sub-sub-section 1. 2. 3. 4 is acceptable, but 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 is not. It is quite possible, with care, to write even a large and complex book without using more than three levels. Footnotes are a nuisance to the reader. They interrupt the linear flow of text and necessitate a mental stack-pushing and stack-popping which demand conscious effort. There are rare occasions when footnotes are acceptable, but they are so rare that it is best to avoid them altogether. To remove a footnote, first try putting it in-line, surrounded by parentheses. It is likely that the poor structure which was disguised by the footnote apparatus will then become apparent, and can be improved by cutting and pasting. 6. The role of artefacts in projects Deep down, all students seem to believe that their project is to write a program (or, to build a circuit). They believe that they will be judged by how much their program does. They are amazed when their supervisor is unconcerned about the inclusion or non-inclusion of a listing in the report. They fear that they will be penalized if their program is small-scale or if they do not make grandiose claims for its power and functionality. This leads to reports heavy with code and assertions about code, but light on reasoning. Students omit the reasoning because they are short of time and think the code more important, and thereby they lose credit they could have had. It leads also to the omission of testing. Hence there are assertions about the extent of implementation, but no evidence (in the form of records of testing) to back them up. In summary, credit for the implementation is not the whole story; you should not feel under pressure to make claims that you cannot support. Your reports should clearly separate specification, design, implementation and testing. The program does  X should more honestly be I wanted the program to do  X; I designed it to do nearly-X; I implemented it to do most-of-X; my testing shows that it did some-of-X  (and here is the evidence of that). Taking this advice into account can much improve your mark. 7. You and your supervisor Writing is a solitary pursuit. Whereas your supervisor will guide you through the early stages of your project work, you must write the report on your own. It is a University assessment, and the rules on plagiarism and collusion (do consult the Students Handbook! ), and the conventions which restrict the amount of help a supervisor can give, apply. Nevertheless, most supervisors will be happy to read and to comment on drafts of sections of your project report before you hand it in, if you give them enough time to do so. Its also a good idea to ask your supervisor to suggest some high-quality past projects in a similar field to yours, and to look them up in the departmental library. This will give you an idea of what is required. 8. Summary 1. Good writing is difficult, but it is worth taking the trouble to write well. 2. Leonard was trying to form his style on Ruskin: he understood him to be the greatest master of English prose. He read forward steadily, occasionally making a few notes. Let us consider a little each of these characters in succession, and first (for of the shafts enough has been said already), what is very peculiar to this church its luminousness. Was there anything to be learnt from this fine sentence? Could he adapt it to the needs of daily life? Could he introduce it, with modifications, when he next wrote a letter to his brother, the lay reader? For example: Let us consider a little each of these characters in succession, and first (for of the absence of ventilation enough has been said already), what is very peculiar to this flat its obscurity. Something told him that the modifications would not do; and that something, had he known it, was the spirit of English Prose. My flat is dark as well as stuffy. Those were the words for him.

Democratization Process in Argentina

Democratization Process in Argentina The politics of Argentina have been described as being eccentric and rather unconventional for various reasons. Economically, the country was rich, but deteriorated to almost bankruptcy between the year 1930 and 2001.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Democratization Process in Argentina specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Politically, the country has seen the emergence of autochthonous political movements that have dominated its governance, a good example of which was the most elusive, but relevant example of Peronism (Brennan 64). Socially, Argentina has had a poorly developed middle class. The region has a conventionally weaker middle class, with universal education barely existing anywhere (Grugel 21). On the international front, Argentina and Cuba have been the countries that have constantly opposed the United State’s foreign policies, even though Argentina never took sides openly, either with the Soviet Union or the Nazi Germany. In its history, Argentina has been among the most economically developed countries in the Latin America, yet among the least politically stable countries in the region. Despite having all these peculiarities attributed to it, the Argentine political cycles have been in tandem with the international developments, which have been taking place over time (Petras 26). The country has witnessed frequent breakdown of its democracy followed by re-democratization. Between the year 1930 and 1976, Argentina experienced six coups d’à ©tat. The coups were mainly due to internal conflicts that led to rival alliances, mainly civil-military, to rise against one another. None of the coups were instigated externally, as was the case in most parts of Central America; neither had the coups ever been caused by indirect involvement of external forces, as was the case of the United State’s support in the ousting of the Chilean president (Tella 43).Advertising Looking for case study on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Argentina’s authoritarian leaders shared periods with their counterparts in the region in implementing key policies economically and in the combating of terrorism. Regime change, in the region, was not an exclusively domestic phenomenon, but a rather coordinated cooperation among the supporters of the authoritarian regimes in the region, despite the regimes being rivals with one another, in the same measure, as some were friends (Portantiero 31). In 1946, Domingo Peron ascended to Argentina’s presidency. He introduced corporatist policies in which the institutions that were sanctioned by the state had influence in government. Peron allowed labor leaders distinct privilege, since he had much of his support from the labor union movements. According to Clarin (19), Peron’s administration appealed to the working class t hat was less skilled, as well as, the middle class, mainly industrialists who saw the regime as favoring industrial growth, due to the hostile policies of the regime towards foreign corporations. Peron introduced far-reaching policy initiatives in 1947 that aimed at creating national self-dependence through industries that would sustain military and strategic independence. He nationalized docks and railroads from the British and made possible public ownership of the financial sector. Through public enterprise, entities were created to supply military goods and other services that were considered essential. His loan policies favored the production of food, machinery and cars (Blanksten 102). Peron’s government closely controlled foreign trade, and provided differentiated protection to stimulate industries in specified sectors. The protectionism favored plastics, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, which responded with growth that was faster than average.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Democratization Process in Argentina specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a bid to earn favor from the unions and fulfill electoral promises, Peron raised the real wages for workers by 25 percent, which was way ahead of labor productivity increase in Argentina (Clarin 27). As a result, unit labor costs increased more than the nascent industries were able to support. The social outcry increased while the government increasingly became unstable. Peron had achieved most of the goals he had initially intended by changing the Argentine output structure. However, the economy bore a heavy burden due to his distorted wage policies that saw the country fail to respond to incentives from the comparative advantage point of view. Argentina fell in international competitiveness as a deficit emerged in its balance of payment. In a desperate bid to maintain stability, the government controlled foreign trade (Pion-Berlin 4 9). However, the crisis grew leading to escalated foreign debts. Dissatisfied by the government, the military overthrew Peron in 1955. In 1989, the Peronist party led by Carlos Menem won the presidential elections amid hyperinflation and a shrunken gross domestic product. When he ascended to office, Menem whose campaign had a populist approach executed an unexpectedly neoliberal economic program (Balze 87). During his first month as president, Menem persuaded the congress, which was already divided to approve a law that would reform the state law and allow an economic emergency in which state enterprises were sold off. The government then embarked on privatization and other reforms with little congressional oversight. Having minimized interference by the congress in state matters, Menem reduced the independence of the judiciary and enlarged the Supreme Court, which became dominated by appointees loyal to him, and that would shield the courts from challenging the government’s often-controversial policies. Menem also replaced the fiscal tribunal membership as well as the administrative inquiries’ state attorney unconstitutionally. The justice minister quit his post in 1991 due to his unwillingness to support administration in a plan to replace state prosecutors and independent federal judges with people who were loyal to the president’s agenda (Smith 74).Advertising Looking for case study on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By early 1990s, Menem had as much power as the previous military dictators in Argentina, something he termed as unavoidable, and it would enable him tackle the looming economic crisis (Paolera 33). Several cabinet ministers resigned from office in 1991 on an allegation of corruption. In a move to regain credibility, Menem appointed a renowned economist to the post of economic minister, who with assistance from the World Bank overhauled the privatization framework and negotiated for privatization of the airline and highway. The economy minister helped introduce a new currency whose exchange rate with the American dollar was to remain one-to-one. The move controlled the hyperinflation and sparked rapid economic growth. In 1995, Argentina together with Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil created a free trade zone called Mercosur. Having achieved national and international acclaim for successful reform Menem embarked on constitutional reform and democratization that would enable him to vie fo r reelection in 1995 (Ferrer 143). He won the elections. Although he was a Peronist, Menem’s policies differed from Peron’s radically. While Peron emphasized on state-led industries and resisted foreign capital, Menem believed in openness, privatization and liberalization. Mercosur, under the leadership of Argentina, adopted a democracy clause in 1996 that barred interruption of the constitutional order in any of the member states. Menem’s regime ended in the year 2000 with the country having slipped poverty back with a collapsed economy (McCoy 123). Kirchner ascended to power in 2003. His regime promoted class bias as the underlying economic recovery strategy. By 2004, Argentina had realized an economic growth of 8.7 percent with unemployment decreasing at 6 percent. The export sector grew rapidly due to devaluation with the agriculture and petroleum sector performing well. The devaluation also promoted the growth of local industries (). Kirchner’s excha nge rate policy had a substantive impact on Argentina’s fiscal balance, which improved revenue via export tariffs. Argentina, under Kirchner, has also been favored by high international prices for most of its products, while the competitive and stable exchange rate served to aid the macroeconomic policies of the regime. However, Kirchner’s regime has been characterized by high poverty levels, indigence and increasing inequality among the people economically (Weyland 89). Politically, Kirchner’s regime carried out fundamental changes in the military, judiciary and law enforcement agencies. He replaced corrupt Supreme Court judges that had served under Menem with a team of respected jurists. He also forced police chiefs and top military generals into retirement, due to inadequate human rights credentials, such as involvement in kidnapping, illicit contraband, and extortion activities (Rapetti 98). He also repealed amnesty, which military generals in the 1976 to 19 82 dirty war, had been granted by previous administrations, as well as, fought the bribe-taking tradition that was deep-rooted in the congress. Through these efforts, Kirchner managed to partially re-legitimize government institutions and improve public confidence in the government. Kirchner carried out many social programs, the most successful of which was in pharmaceuticals. His government provided drugs in primary care clinics to the low-income families estimated to cover over 15 million people. It also provided drugs, to AIDS victims, while the generic prescription law increased access to prescription drugs, by about 4 million Argentines, who could not previously afford the drugs. Balze, Felipe. Remaking the Argentine Economy. New York: Council of Foreign Relations Press, 1995. Print. Blanksten, Glodberg. Peron’s Argentina. New York: Russell Russell, 1969. Print. Brennan, James. Region and Nation: Politics, Economics and Society in Twentieth Century Argentina. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000. Print. Clarin, Tella. Argentina under Peron: The Nation’s Experience with a Labor-Based Government. Hong Kong: Macmillan Press, 1983. Print. Ferrer, Aldo. The Argentine Economy. Los Angeles: University Of California Press, 1967. Print. Grugel, Riggirozzi. â€Å"The Return of the State in Argentina.† Journal of International Affairs 83.1 (2007): 20-26. Mccoy, Jennifer. Political Learning and Re-Democratization in Latin America: Do Politicians Learn From Political Crises. Miami: North-South Center Press, 2000. Print. Paolera, Gerardo. A New Economic History of Argentina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print. Petras, Munck. â€Å"Unarmed Utopia Revisited: The Resurgence Of Left of Centre Politics in Latin America.† Journal of Peasant Studies 22.2 (2006): 20-25. Print. Pion-Berlin, David. The Ideology of State Terror: Economic Doctrine and Political Repression in Argentina and Peru. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 19 89. Print. Portantiero, Prebisch. The Political and Economic Crisis in Argentina. Hampshire: Macmillan Publishers, 1989. Print. Rapetti, Frenkel. â€Å"Five Years of Competitive and Stable Real Exchange Rate in Argentina.† International Review of Applied Economics 22.2 (2008): 98-100. Print. Smith, Roberts. â€Å"State, Market and Neoliberalism in Post-Transition Argentina: The Menem Experiment.† Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs 33.4 (1991): 72-76. Print. Tella, Guido. The Political Economy of Argentina. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986. Print. Weyland, Kurt. The Politics of Market Reform in Fragile Democracies: Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Venezuela. Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010. Print.

The Legacy of Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Legacy of Rome - Essay Example For a long period of time Rome used to be the main epicenter of art and architecture for the whole world (Claridge, 61-70). The Roman architecture initiated the use of shapes like domes, arch and the vault. Rome became the most important centre during the Renaissance period. Now let’s have a look on the other aspects of the Roman Legacy. In the seventeenth century, and throughout the entire of the eighteenth, the written works of Rome practiced a majestic influence over European taste. The customary record of the root of written works at Rome, acknowledged by the Romans themselves, is that it was altogether because of contact with Greece (Garwood, 33- 35). The writing time came in the first place, and is signalized by the names of Cicero, Sallust, and Caesar. The commended authors were currently basically men of activity and high position in the state. The standards of the dialect got settled; its syntactic development was altogether comprehended, and its particular genius wisely acclimates to those manifestations of creation in which it was characteristically equipped for outperforming (Edwards, 114-117). The flawlessness of verse was not accomplished until the time of Augustus. The Roman engineering is still mesmerizing and versatile in nature (Caldwell and Caldwell, 123). The first thing the Romans did after entering another locale, in the wake of winning the war that picked up them their new domain, was develop ways and extensions (Dyson, 217-220). The history of Roman law could be separated into three frameworks of technique: that of legis actiones, the model framework, and cognitio additional ordinem. Throughout the republic and until the bureaucratization of Roman legal strategy, the judge was normally a private individual (iudex privatus). He must be a Roman male native. The gatherings could concur on a judge, or they could select one from a record, called collection iudicum. They went down the agenda until they establish a judge

Personal learning plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal learning plan - Essay Example The learning plans should attempt to meet the course objectives. In essence, the plans should function as blueprints for the learning by allowing students to consider the personal learning needs and areas of improvement within the context of intellectual development. In addition, the plans guide students to individualize the learning process, promote a sense of self-directedness with specific outcomes, and enable the development of habits related to lifelong learning (Graham, 2013). The paper presents my personal learning plan by highlighting the steps to improve time management skill. My long-term goal is to improve in time management in order to excel in all subjects including mastering the Mathematics skill, which I have a tremendous weakness. The attainment improvement of the time management skill will offer me sufficient time to attend to the subjects I underperform such as Mathematics. As indicated in my personal learning profile, I have attempted to master the skills of time management by adhering to programs and schedules. As I advance in my career, I endeavor to improve on time management in order to devote a lot of time in the studies and do away with the Mathematics phobia, which has been a challenge in my studies. I realize that my weekly schedule indicates that I have approximately twenty hours to work on my assignments. Although the time is adequate, I endeavor to utilize substantial time in Mathematics as I seek to excel in all disciplines and proceed to my master degree. My time management goal will complement my strong values such as communication , team player, self-confidence, open-mindedness, and self-awareness. Time management is critical in the learning process. The highest achievers tend to manage their time exceptionally well. It is crucial to develop workable strategies for managing time in order to balance the inevitable conflicting demands of time for study, work, and leisure. Essentially, time